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Ingredient glossary
SPF (Sun Protection Factor): What It Is and What It Does
SPF is a measure of how well a sunscreen protects skin against UVB rays, the wavelengths mainly responsible for sunburn. It does not measure UVA protection, which is shown separately in the UK as a star rating or PA rating, so a sunscreen's SPF number alone does not describe its full level of sun protection.
What it does
SPF filters work by absorbing, reflecting or scattering UV radiation before it can damage skin cells. Mineral filters, such as zinc oxide and titanium dioxide, sit on the skin's surface and reflect UV; chemical filters absorb UV and convert it to a small amount of heat. SPF specifically measures protection against UVB, the rays that cause sunburn, while UVA protection — linked more to long-term skin ageing — is rated separately in the UK using a star system, so both figures matter together rather than SPF alone.
Who it suits
Sunscreen is broadly recommended for all skin types and tones as part of a daily routine, since UV exposure affects everyone, though the practical need varies with season, climate and time outdoors. Mineral filters are often better tolerated by sensitive or reactive skin and are commonly recommended during pregnancy, while chemical filters tend to feel lighter and are often preferred cosmetically under makeup.
Cautions
Laboratory SPF ratings assume a much thicker application than most people actually use, so real-world protection is often lower than the number on the bottle suggests — applying generously matters more than chasing a higher SPF number. Sunscreen should be reapplied regularly during extended sun exposure and after swimming or sweating. Some chemical filters can irritate sensitive skin or eyes; anyone with a known sensitivity should consider a mineral formula and check with a pharmacist if unsure.
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Frequently asked questions
- Is SPF 50 much better than SPF 30?
- The difference in practical UVB filtration is smaller than the numbers suggest — SPF 30 filters around 97% of UVB rays and SPF 50 around 98%. Applying enough product and reapplying regularly generally matters more than the gap between these two SPF numbers.
- Do I need sunscreen every day, even indoors?
- UVA rays pass through cloud and window glass, so some people apply sunscreen daily regardless of visible sun, especially if ageing or pigmentation is a concern. If your priority is avoiding sunburn specifically, exposure risk varies far more with season and time outdoors.
- What is the difference between mineral and chemical sunscreen?
- Mineral filters like zinc oxide sit on the skin's surface and reflect UV, and are generally well tolerated by sensitive skin, though they can leave a visible cast. Chemical filters absorb UV, tend to feel lighter and blend in more easily, but occasionally irritate reactive skin.
This is general information about a cosmetic ingredient, not medical advice. It does not describe any specific product, and does not diagnose, treat or cure any condition. If you have a persistent skin or scalp concern, speak to a pharmacist, GP or dermatologist. See our editorial policy for how we handle claims.